Lesson 40 Themes and Variations

主旋律与变奏曲

Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavourable and will probably become even more unfavourable in the future. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace. And not only to peace, but also to democratic institutions and personal liberty. For overpopulation is not compatib1e with freedom. An unfavourable relationship between numbers and resources tends to make the earning of a living almost intolerably difficult. Labour is more abundant than goods, and the individual is compelled to work long hours for little pay. No surplus of accumulated purchasing power stands between him and the tyrannies of unfriendly nature or of the equally unfriendly wielders of political and economic power. Democracy is, among other things, the ability to say 'no' to the boss. But a man cannot say

'no' to the boss, unless he is sure of being able to eat when the boss's favour has been withdrawn. And he cannot be certain of his next meal unless he owns the means of producing enough wealth, for his family to live on, or has been able to accumulate a surplus out of past wages, or has a chance of moving to virgin territories, where he can make a fresh start. In an overcrowded country, very few people own enough to make them financially independent; very few are in a position to accumulate purchasing power; and there is no free land. Moreover, in any country where population presses hard upon natural resources, the general economic situation is apt to be so precarious that government control of capital and labour, production and consumption, becomes inevitable. It is no accident that the twentieth century should be the century of highly centralized governments and totalitarian dictatorships; it had to be so for the simple reason that the twentieth century is the century of planetary overcrowding.

New words and expressions

生词短语 precarious a. 不稳定的

perilous 山势险恶的，危险的 poverty n.贫困

I live in poverty. / I’m poverty-stricken. / My family is poverty-stricken.

constitute vt. 构成 constitute a menace 构成威胁

compatible with 和……处的来

incompatible

The meal is tolerable.

这饭还说的过去。

The meal is intolerable 这饭真差。

virgin work 处女作 virgin soil 处女地 virgin voyage 处女航 Virgin Mary 圣母玛利亚

apt a.易于 apt to / be apt to theme song 主题歌

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Notes on the text

课文注释

populations 表示各地的人口

to one another 相互之间有关系

to natural resources 和自然资源也有关系

the growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty=people become poorer and poorer

e.g. The growing prosperity in the midst of growing prosperity enables men to travel worldwide.

permanent=long time, enduring 长期的，永久的(lasting)

permanent love 永久的爱 / permanent friendship 持久的友谊 / permanent member 永久会员

And not only to peace, but also to democratic institutions and personal liberty. (无谓句)

liberty 自由度，个人自由

I love my sister, my brother…also my grandmother. (强调 grandmother)强调句

…, constitutes a permanent menace to peace, also to democratic institutions and personal liberty.(语气较弱)

freedom 用途很广 I enjoy freedom. 今天我休息。

liberty 政治上的自由 Statue of Liberty 自由女神像

numbers=population dog-eat-dog 人吃人 lucrative job 肥缺 / cut figure out 崭露头角

tend 强调无意识的 e.g. He tends to rise early. 他习惯于早起。

intend 强调有意识的 e.g. He intends to rise early. 他爱早起。

labour force 劳动力

surplus 剩余 surplus value 剩余价值 labour surplus 剩余劳动力

purchasing power 购买力

accumulated 堆积的，蓄积的（open-handed）

tyranny n. 残暴

political and economic power=countries wielders 统治者

此句话的意思可表示为：It is impossible for him/for individual to get anything under the ruthless nature and the merciless government.

power: America is a superpower. 美国是超级大国。

above all 首要 = among other things 表示强调说法

democracy:

to build a government of the people, by the people and for the people. (Lincoln)

(民有、民治、民享)

unless=if…not

favour: 恩惠

in the boss’s favour. 这是老板的大红人 He is the boss’s favourite. (很吃香)

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He is a diplomat. 他左右逢源，很会来事。

withdraw: 取走

and: 句式连接

My mother is a doctor, and my father is a driver. My mother is a doctor. And my father is a driver.

be certain=be sure of

means 手段，方法 by means of 通过……手段

live on: 依靠……而生活 I live on rice/noodle.

live by one’s hands 靠劳动

live by the mountains 靠山吃山，靠水吃水

feed on

out of 从……出来 out of reason / He did out of impulse. 他出于冲动。

virgin territories 新的国度

make a fresh start 重新开始

financially independent 经济独立 = economically independent financially dependent on my parents 需要父母给钱

Mentally I would rather you stay. 打心眼里我是真舍不得你走。 be in a position to=be able to 这位教授有资格能对这个事件发表看法。

The professor is in a position to air on this topic.

press upon=press on 施加压力给……

be apt to=tend to

government control 政府控制 capital 资本

it is no accident 决不是偶然

centralized : (I want to build a cradle for security. (Stalin))

Aldous Huxley (奥尔德斯·赫胥黎) (1894-1963 英国作家，他最著名作品 Brave New World (美 丽新世界)描绘了以科学方式组织的理想社会的恐怖情景)

Aldous Huxley is No. 1 humorist in Britain. (林语堂)

Arnold 阿诺德：英国著名作家（Aldous Huxley’s uncle）

Tomas Huxley (严复《天演论》，Aldous Huxley’s grandfather)

The Statue of Liberty: 碑铭(1886 年，法国送给美国)

“Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”

“给我你那劳累，贫穷，蜷曲渴望呼吸自由的身躯，可怜被遗弃在你们海岸的人群们，交给 我吧，那些无家可归的、颠簸流离的人们，我在金色之门高举明灯迎接他们”

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 Lesson 41 The Origin of Things

事物本象

 Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits ?

So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births--but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is, equally equipped for life.

It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates '--if the term can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.

Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency.' No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to

'buy' an education for his child.

New words and expressions

生词短语

inherit vt.继承 disinherit v.剥夺继承权

illiterate n. 文盲 literary a. 文学的 literature n.文学

circum=surrounding 周围的

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circus 马戏团，马戏场

circumspect a. 慎重的，周到的，小心谨慎的

environment n. (用单数) circumstance n. (用复数)

deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人机会 rob: 抢 rob sb. of sth.

e.g. He deprived me of the opportunity of education. / He deprived me of freedom. / I’m deprived./downfallen.

possess: 拥有 dispossess sb. of sth. invest: 投资 devest: 拿走

denude v. 使身无分文

convince sb. of sth.

e.g. He convinced me of his honesty.

(强调结果)

persuade sb. to do sth.

e.g. She persuade me to go shopping with her. （强调过程）

His speech is very convincing. (具有说服力)

enlightened: 受到启迪

Listen to both sides, you will be enlightened. (兼听则明)

the enlightenment 启蒙运动 We should base on understanding on reason.

1. ancient philosopher (Aristotle)

2. Renaissance (文艺复兴)

3. scientific revolution

Religion always regarded human as vicious. (well-natured: 人性本善) Famous figures: Bacon, Locke, Rousseau《The Confessions》

instruct: 指导 instructor 辅导员 cycle of instruction 教学周期 punctuate vt.加强，介入，加标点 acupuncture 针灸术 underline: 加强

fortify: 加强（工事）

intensify: 强化

preach sermon

missionary: 带着任务到国外传教

defendant n. 被告 (plaintiff: 原告 prosecutor: 原告（尤指刑事）

MA=master of arts: 硕士 PHD：博士 defendant: 论文的答辩者 defend my thesis

mental outlook: 精神面貌 world outlook: 世界观

vision/view/sight

capacity n. 能力 breath capacity: 肺活量

capability/caliber: high caliber in the capacity of: 以什么身份

e.g. In the capacity of a chairman, I extend a warm welcome to all the delegates.

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inherit vt. inheritor: 继承人

people/folk: 民族 （high civilized）

tribe: backward Mongolian tribe 蒙古部落

clan: 氏族 maternal: 母系 paternal: 父系

illiterate n. 文盲 literate: 有文化的 antiilliteracy 扫盲

compulsory service system 义务服役制 compulsory course 必修科目 optional/selective course: 选修科目

deem=regard/think

I deem him right.

He hampers my progress. block / thwart

shackle: 枷锁

impede: 阻止

jungle law: 丛林法则

the survival of the fittest 适者生存 savannah: 大草原（比较潮湿的湿地） in South America delinquency juvenile delinquency

crime/sin/guilt

crime 非常严重 commit

sin: 可以饶恕的罪行 Amitabha guilt: (抽象)犯罪 I am guilty.

confront vt. 面对 （face 的书面用语）

confront difficulty / be confronted with

There’s a confrontation between the two nations.

Notes on the text

课文注释

key words: 关键词 / an=once, 表强调 / victim: 牺牲品 / adverse deprived: 被剥夺 （Only with education can a man be successful. ） 经典背诵句：

Education is one of the key words of our time. a man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.

(As an apple is not an apple in any things until it is ripe, so a man without education is not a man in any things. )

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convinced of: 被说服，相信=believing states=nations=governments

‘invest’: 投资

institutions of learning 学术机构

institutions of higher learning: 高等教育

‘interest’: 利息

in the form of / in the shape of

enlightened: 有知识的 potential: 潜在=possible elite: 精英

work out=design 设计

punctuate: 加强

wells: 源泉 wells of wisdom: 知识源泉

What would…(虚拟语气)

benefits: 裨益

without (虚拟语气的成分居多)=but for: 若不是，若没有

if there were not its benefits…

The ideas that come to him so thick and fast, where are they now?

名词+疑问句=感叹句

Women, who can live with them? who can live without them?

that we would have 虚拟

spiritual outlook: 精神面貌/世界

bare foot doctor: 赤脚医生

lay stress on: 强调，重视

‘facts and figures’: 数字和事实 （think, judge, reason）

more on a good memory woman’s wit 没有任何的解释

applied psychology: 应用心理学

capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens (nepotism: 裙带关系) / criterion: 标准

fashioned=designed=tailored

bookless: 没有书本 homeless / childless / treeless (a treeless mountain) 名词+less 构成反义词

democratic: 民主的 / imaginable: 可以想象的 most+imaginable/possible (后置定语) The most relax form possible is to go picnicking.

equality: 平等 / same footing: 同起点 inherited by tradition is shared by all (equality) in this respect / regard / area: 在这一角度而言 equip (with knowledge) for life

ideal 不具有比较最高级 progressive: 进步的 regain: 重新获得

Education can be spread to every man possible.

(9 year compulsory educational system: 九年 义务制)

primitive cultures=in ancient times

cultures: 国家, different cultures: 不同的国家

obligation: 义务

binding: 绑, bound (As one of the social members, you had to take responsibility to receive education. )

‘illiterate’ 文盲

script=word: 文字

compulsory: 强制的，义务的 attendance: 注册或到校报到=education (compulsory / forced /

binding)

before we deemed it necessary

I went out before it rained. (before: (1)直译，之前 （2）之后 )

share in: 分享其中一份

“happy few”: (Greece, Rome, China: private school)

wilderness: 荒野

be equal to+名词或动名词=be qualified for

none of the hurry （拔苗助长）: to spoil a child by excessive enthusiasm

full development: 全面发展 / growing personality: 正在生长的人性（人格）

there 指 wilderness

ever-present: 无处不在

Mother’s employment prevents her from being home to greet their children when they return from school.

jungle: 丛林

know of: 了解，听说=hear of

‘juvenile delinquency’ 少年犯

No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to ‘buy’ an education for his child. e.g. No man will marry her. (对整句 man will marry her 的否定)

be confronted with=face =confront

本文特点：radical: 激进的

Lesson 42 Jour

en

y Through

dA

olescence

青少年旅程

Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed. They may even

accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends' parents. Such a loss of dignity and descent into childish behaviour on the part of the adults deeply shocks the adolescents, and makes them resolve that in future they will not talk to their parents about the places or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.

Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable. Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the parents themselves have been unsatisfactory, that it ca hardly hope to stand up to a realistic evaluation. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realize how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgement, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity,always respects a parent whoadmits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust.What the child cannot forgive is the parents' refusal to admit these charges if thechild knows them to be true.

Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact hey did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today we tend to go to the other extreme, but on the whole this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.

New words and expressions

生词短语

Slurn.

诋毁

Annoy

vt.使生气

Spiteful

恶意的，怀恨的

Dignity

n.尊严

Resolve

vt.决心

Disillusionment

n.幻灭感 Stand up to

经得起

 Infallibility

 n.一贯正确 Resent

vt.怨恨

 Sincerity n.诚挚

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Charge

 n.指责

 Retreat

 vi.后退 Unreasoning

 a.不凭理智的 Authoritarian a. 专 制 的 Cow vt.吓唬

slur put /cast a slur on sb. 给 ….以诋毁

slander 诽谤 （lesson31） backbite He backbites me. Smear 涂污，诽谤

Fame 名声

Defame 诽谤 Defamation 诽谤

Annoy 程度 not so strong

按程度分 irritate(烦了) anger fury（大发雷霆） 程度 annoy=bother=displease=disturb

男女朋友吵架,令人心烦用 that really annoys me.

如用 that really angers me. 就分手了

annoying adj. You’re reading a book, a mosquito hovers. You

can say “it’s annoying’

Vicious 恶毒的 Ill-natured 心眼怀的 Bitchy 恶毒的 Venom 毒液 Venomous 邪恶的

Indignity 侮辱

Keep dignity 守住面子

Lose dignity 丢面子

To lie is to lose one’s dignity.

Illusion 幻想 幻觉 （没有实际的幻想）

I’m under illusion that I will be a billionaire.

Fantasy 幻想

Fancy 幻想 Mirage 幻想 海市蜃楼 幻景

Massage 按摩 Message 信息

Stand up to (severe test /严峻考验 rumor/流言 charge/指责 criticism/批评 ) It’s raining hot（heavily）, I brave to school . 不顾风雨 冒着雨

Fallible 有问题的

Flaw 瑕疵 flawless 无暇的

Fault 错误 faultless 无误的

Impeccable 完美无缺的 Every man is fallible. = No one is infallible. 人无完人

Resent

按程度分 dislike resent hate loathe（very strong）

grudge

因妒嫉而恨

~ one’s success

criticize 批评 (find faults with sb.)

blame 指责 （neglect of duty ）

I’m to blame (for ……) 是我的责任 Condemn denounce 谴责

Retreat

I retreat to an armchair. 我一屁股坐到椅子上

I ~ to bed early. 我早早睡觉

A summer retreat 避暑胜地 Unreasoning 不靠理智推理

Unreasonable 不合逻辑的 Dictator 专制

Dictatorial 专制的

Tyrannical 残暴的，专横的

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Domineering 霸道的 厉害的 Authoritative 权威的

Coward 胆小鬼

Cower 颤抖

Scare 惊吓

Scare to death

Bully 欺凌弱小者 Browbeat 恫吓

My boss always browbeats me.

Upset 使心烦（unhappy） Slip into 溜进去

Ungrateful child 不孝子孙

People/parents are often upset … Dine with sb. 和 … 吃饭 Furniture 家具 (un.)

A piece /article /set of furniture

Adolescent (13~16)

Spoil himself 放肆 撒野

Accuse 指责 accuse sb. of sth. Loyal 忠诚的 忠心的 ~ to sth.

Disloyalty

不忠

Make remark = say

On the part of =on their part

就他们而言

Before very long 很快 马上

Long before 很久以前

Notes on the text

课文注释

Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is …

将来进行时 表示预见性极强

tight lipped 沉默的

they have brought this on themselves = as you sow = ffry oneself in one’s own juice

自找麻烦

however good and adequate they may be both= they may be both good and adequate however 用倒装

adequate 称职的=qualified

Most children have such a high ideal of their parents, unless the ……. , that it(ideal) can hardly hope to stand up to a ……

Developing 养成 Power =ability 能力 Opposition 对立面 Resisting 拒绝

Tend to 不由自主的

表态度 loose lax extreme lenient

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Lesson 43 O

ru

Developing World

我们发展中的世界

Faith in controlled nuclear fission is now being shown by the construction of atomic power stations. In Britain, Calder Hall on the coast of Cumberland first made its contribution to the National Electricity grid in 1957. Subsequently a chain of nuclear power stations was planned. Of necessity they are sited near the coasts or tidal water because of the need of much water for cooling and a certain discharge of possible radioactive effluent. Atomic power is associated in the public mind with the destructive force of atom bombs and partly for this reason, though it is claimed that there is no danger to be associated with atomic power stations, they are being sited away from populous centres.

The present position is that the three main sources of power are coal, oil and

water power. We sometimes refer to electricity ,gas or petrol as if they were the actual source of power , forgetting that electricity must be generated by the consumption of coal or oil or by the utilization of water power, whilst coke,gas and petrol are examples of secondary fuels by which coal and oil may be more effectively used.

Where alternative sources of power are available there are some marked contrasts in handling. The bulk and weight of coal required in the majority of manufacturing industries is large in comparison with the bulk and weight of other raw materials. This is not always true--was with the manufacture of pig iron and steel from low-grade iron ores-

but it did lead to the concentration of industrial developments on the coal-fields, a phenomenon well seen in such countries as Britain where the Industrial Revolution came before the days of oil or electricity. Coal being a solid must be distributed mainly by rail or water.

By way of contrast oil can be transported large distances by pipeline but overseas movement has involved building of large numbers of tankers, including now some of the largest vessels afloat. Unless suitable on other grounds oilfields have not become industrial regions; on the contrary the oil industry is marked by a certain amount of smell and an element of danger, hence the siting of refineries at a distance from population centres. It is not always realized that the owners of pipelines can handle the oil of different customers, sending it through at different, periods. Natural gas can also be transported large distances by pipe. Early in 1959 Britain received the first ship cargo of natural gas----liquefied for the purpose of transport.

 Lesson 44 The Ba kcward S coie yt 落后的社会

If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overhead in a business is analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that everyone working in the business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative overhead rises, so the earnings of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

New words and expressions

生词短语

Disunited a.分裂的 Economic resource

经济实力 Incur

 vt.承担

 Backward

 a.落后的 Administrative a.行政管理的 Overhead a.一般费用 Analogous

 a.类似的 Behave

 vi.行动 Sphere

 n.范围

Keep sb. in line

使某人协调 Checker n.检查人员

Foreman n.监工 Dividend n.红利

 Civil servant

文职人员

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Notes on the text

课文注释

Unite ~all the people 团结所有的人民

Unify （思想）统一

Union

Unification

Reunion 团聚

In China, spring festival/mid autumn day is a good time for reunion.

在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间

Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.

中国人希望大陆两岸统一。

In 199x, the two Germanies reunifaction.

在 199X 年东西德统一

Incur

承担 后面跟抽象名词 （费用，成本）

I have a family to support/feed.

招致，导致 （不好的恶果）

Pride incur failure.

Backward

Forward 先进的 Backward nation Forward country

Under developed 欠发达

Developing 发展中

Organ 机构 Administrator

管理者 Administration

Bush administration bush 当局（西方用人名，中国用地名） Beijing administration

 MBA

master of business and administration Sphere

Hemisphere

半球 Eastern hemisphere

西半球

Western hemisphere

东半球

Semi-colony

半殖民 Feudal society

封建社会

Semi-feudal

半封建

Semifinal 半决赛

Domain

域 Field

scope

眼界

province

He is very provincial 他没有远见

Dividend

（入股的）红利 Allowance

津贴

Bonus

奖金

Civil marriage

不在教堂举行的婚礼

She keeps the family in line. 她把家打理得井井有条。 State 有政治概念

State law

State visit 政事访问 Correspondingly; therefore so

He wrote me 5 letters, correspondingly I answered

Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly now.

Where 可当作 if 翻译 Where there is life, there is hope

Compare with 与….. 比较

Contrast 比较，侧重异 compare 侧重 相同 Compare to 比作

Private (business) enterprise /individual enterprise /one man enterprise 私企

Out of business 破产

Concern with :talk about Concern for/about 关心

I concern for your health. Is low to the extent/degree that ……..= is so low that

Exercise initiative 发挥能动性 Initiative stage 初级阶段

Within their sphere/ to their utmost 尽其最大力量

Report sth 报道

Report on 汇报

I’m reading carefully. I’m reading with care.

I’m reading in a careful manner.

An army (group) of

Meet expense 收支相抵

On one’s behalf

For one’s benefit 代表某人的利益It’s in your interest to tell truth (be honest).

benrose

 Lesson 45 The Process of Ageing

老化的过程

 At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually die of old age, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer-

on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.

Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things 'wear out'. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending But a watch could never repair itself it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could,at one time, repair ourselves well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses an accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and into

our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduce by half again.

New words and expressions

生词短语

hezhaozhan

infant

婴儿(会说点话)

baby 婴儿(不会说话)

the infant industry 新兴产业 in its infancy 在初始阶段 vulnerable 脆弱的

be vulnerable to 受不了

fragile 脆弱

barefaced 厚颜无耻的

defenceless 脆弱的(不设防的,无保护的)

imperceptible 感觉不到的

(大多数 p 开头的形容词，反义词加 im)

invisible 看不到的 indiscernible 观察不到的 minute 微小的

subtle 细微的

steep 急转直下的（陡峭的） steep demand 苛刻的要求 ageing 老化

aged wine 陈酿

odds 可能性 likelihood 可能性 It’s odds that… The odds are…

There are odds…

都是 ……有可能

Odd 怪异的

virtual 实际的

robust 强健的 （乐百氏）

muscular 强壮的 athletic 壮的 kettle 水壶 wearing-ou t 穿破

thermodynamics 热力学 moot point 有争议的 run-down 破旧的 decrepit 衰老 dilapidated 破旧的

shabby 破旧的（房子）

Notes on the text

课文注释

1.vigorous 后省略 stage

同义词:lively

robust

dynamic

2.yet=however yet 可在句中,不用标点 however 用在句中要用逗号

3.stealthy slide out of room 溜出房间 play truant 逃学

4.injection

cry one’s eyes out 嚎啕大哭

5.undergo 经历 up and down/ lows and highs 沉浮

6.the passing of time 时光流逝

7.heavy odds 极大可能

8.virtual:physical

9.寿命 life-span life expectancy longevity

10.tend to 倾向，不由自主

11.spoil oneself 糟蹋自己

12.the …the …并列比较

13.organism 有机体

14.wind 上发条

wound 上了发条的

run-down 发条不紧的

15.but=except

16.fatul=deadly 致命的

hezhaozhan

 Lesson 46 The Menace of Urban Explosion

城市爆炸的威胁

After millennia of growth so slow that each generation hardly noticed it, the cities are suddenly racing off in every direction. The world population goes up by two per cent a year, city population goes up by four per cent a year, but in big cities the rate may be as much as five and six per cent a year. To give only one example of almost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three dwellings And 100 square metres of road every hour. There is no reason to believe that this pace will slacken. As technology gradually swallows up all forms of work, industrial and agricultural, the rural areas are going to shrink, just as they have shrunk in Britain, and the vast majority of their people will move into the city. In fact, in Britain now only about four or five per cent of people live in rural areas and depend upon them; all through the developing world the vanguard of the rural exodus has reached the urban fringes already, and there they huddle, migrants in the favellas and barrios of Latin America, in shanty towns in Africa, in those horrifying encampments one sees on the outskirts of Calcutta and Bombay. We are heading towards an urban world.

This enormous increase will go ahead whatever we do, and we have to remember that the new cities devour space. People now acquire far more goods and things. There is a greater density of household goods; they demand more services such as sewage and drainage. Above all the car changes everything: rising incomes and rising populations can make urban car density increase by something like four and five per cent in a decade; traffic flows rise to fill whatever scale of highways are provided for them. The car also has a curious ambivalence: it creates and then it destroys mobility. The car tempts people further out and then gives them the appalling problem of getting back. It makes them believe they can spend Sunday in Brighton, but makes it impossible for them to return before, say, two in the morning. People go further and further away to reach open air and countryside which continuously recedes from them, and just as their working weeks decline and they begin to have more time for leisure, they find they cannot get to the open spaces or the recreation or the beaches which they now have the time to enjoy.

Recently some studies were made in the behavior of mice when exposed to more than a certain degree of density, frustration, and noise, and the mice just became deranged. I think some sociologists wonder whether it might not be the same for men. This combination of very high density of population, goods and services, and machines, all increasing with almost bruta1 speed, does account for some really antisocial tendencies in modern urban growth.

 Lesson 47 Plato Today

今日 Plato

The modern Plato, like his ancient counterpart, has an unbounded contempt for oliticians and statesmen and party leaders who are not university men. He finds politics a dirty game, and only enters them reluctantly because he knows that at the very least he and his friends are better than the present gang. Brought up in the traditions of the ruling classes, he has a natural pity for the common people whom he has learnt to know as servants, and observed from a distance at their work in the factory, at their play in the parks and holiday resorts. He has never mixed with them or spoken to them on equal terms, but has demanded and generally received a respect due to his position and superior intelligence. He knows that if they trust him, he can give them the happiness which they crave. A man of culture, he genuinely despises the self-made industrialist and newspaper-king: with a modest professional salary and a little private income of his own, he regards money-making as vulgar and avoids all ostentation. Industry and finance seem to him to be activities unworthy of gentlemen, although, alas, many are forced by exigencies of circumstance to take some part in them. intellectual, he gently laughs at the superstitions of most Christians, but attends church regularly because he sees the importance of organized religion for the maintenance of sound morality among the lower orders, and because he dislikes the scepticism and materialism of radical teachers. His genuine passions are for literature and the philosophy of science and he would gladly spend all his time in studying them. But the plight of the world compels his unwilling attention, and when he sees that human stupidity and greed are about to plunge Europe into chaos and destroy the most glorious civilization which the world has known, he feels that it is high time for men of good sense and good will to intervene and to take politics out of the hands of the plutocrats of the Right and the woolly-minded idealists of the Left. Since he and his kind are the only representatives of decency combined with intelligence, they must step down into the arena and save the masses for themselves.

New words and expressions

生词短语

1．Plato 柏拉图

Platonic love: friendship between woman and man of mind and spirit

2．counterpart 相对立的人

3．Resort

度假胜地 retreat 胜地 summer resort 避暑山 health resort 疗养胜地 spot 胜地

4．mix 相混合

He mixes well./ He is a good mixer.他左右逢源。

5．Crave 混合

crave for fresh air 渴望新鲜空气 craving 贪婪

6．Genuinely 真正的

genuine=pure 纯正的 real=true 真的

authentic 正宗的，真品 Sincere 真诚

7.vulgar 粗陋的

hezhaozhan

8.ostentation 卖弄、炫耀

ostentatious adj

pretentious adj

showy adj

flashy adj

9.alas 哎呀 10.exigency 紧迫 emergency 紧迫，急诊

11．Christian 基督教徒 Christianity 基督教 Christ 基督 Islam/Moslem 伊斯兰教

Buddhism 佛教 Buddha 如来佛

12.religion 宗教

religious 宗教的

13.morality 道德 moral 道德

14．Scepticism 怀疑论

15.materialism 唯物主义

materialist 务实者，唯物主义者 idealist 理想主义者，唯心者

dialectical materialism 辩证唯物主义 historical materialism 历史唯物主义

16.radical 激进的

17.plight 困境

trap/plunge/sink into plight 陷入困境 dilemma 左右为难的

18.greed 贪婪

avaricious 贪婪的 insatiable 不知足的

19.plunge 使陷入 I plunge myself into poverty 我陷入贫困

Gambling plunged him into failure in business.赌博使他陷入商业失败的境地。

20.chaos 混乱 chaotic 混乱的 anarchy 无政府状态 lawlessness 无法无天 bedlam 疯人院

21.plutocrat 富豪 Pluto 冥王星

22.the Right 右翼 the Left 左翼 rightist 右派 leftist 左派

23.decency 体面

decent 体面的

for the seek of decency 为了面子

Notes on the text

课文注释

1.the modern Plato :the person who is like Plato in our modern society.

2.stateman 政治家 plitician 政客

3.A university is a place where those woo hate ignorance may strive to know, where those who pursue truth who strike to make others see. 大学是憎恶无知的人求知之所,是寻求真理的人诲人之处.

4.them :political activities.

5.at the very least 说句公道话

6.gang :group of people 在英文中,一般无褒义.

7.bring up: bring sb. up

grow up

8.on equal terms 平等的地位

on speaking terms 平等条件下

They keep good terms with each other.

The two neighbors are not on borrowing term.这两个邻居从不来往

9.newspaper-king 报业巨子 10.modest 适当的

11.sound:good,healthy

 12.teacher=advocator 说教者

13.genuine passions 一种热切的激情

14.compet=win

15be about to do: do sth very soon

16.high time =good time 早就该

17.intervene 干涉 18.mob 乌合之众 19.arena 舞台

20.课文短语

unbound contempt for sb

a natural pity

on equal terms superior intelligence

a man of culture

self-made industrialist newspaper-king

 unworthy of gentlemen plunge into

 high time

man of good sense

his kind

hezhaozhan

 Lesson 48 What Every Writer Wants

作家所欲

I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respected, confess at once that they have little idea where they arc going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two, they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration, all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton', as we were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred image appears, he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books, like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones,begging response from those around them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as well try to explain a

crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore. This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.

A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirsts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.

New words and expressions

生词短语

confess 承认 confess one’s guilt 承认罪行

confess that I am guilty (也可跟从句)

表示“承认”的词还有：admit, acknowledge, confined confess 与它们的区别在于：confess 是宗教词汇（忏悔）

inspiration 灵感 inspire 激发 brain wave 脑波 sunden inspiration 灵机一动

radical 根本的

也有“激进”之意

（同）primary 根本，fundamental 基本，essential 根本

interweave 交织 inter 相互 weave 编

dale76

 weave a story 编故事 Weaving Maid 织女 He weaves a lie.撒谎

afresh 重新 =again

 fresh student 新生 fresh water 淡水资源 I am fresh here.

discern 辩明，领悟

——长期的考证，敏锐的目光（强调 result）

 (同)observe——（科学上）长期、敏锐考证（强调 process）

detect——侦察，侦探

spot——猛然发现（suddenly） I spotted an old friend of mine.

indescribable 无法描述的 beyond description

 utter 表述 unutterable 非言语所能表达的

 express 表达 expressible 能表达的 inexpressible 难以形容的

blur 使……模糊不清

Tears blur my eyes.泪水模糊了双眼。 blur with 由于……而看不清

befog——由于雾看不清 blot——墨水弄污 stain——由于污渍而弄得不美观

yeast 激动

来源：酵母，发酵粉

I am yeasty.我有点激动。 yeasty talk 空洞的，一派胡言

fathom 领悟，彻底了解 fathomless 无法计量，无法了解的 fathomable 能够了解的 原意：测量（水）深的手段

go to the bottom of sth.研究 with plumb 研究 comprehend 理解 penetrate 深入，探索

interminably 没完没了地 terminable 可终止的，有期限的（有完有了：）

 a terminal（汽车）终点

（同）unbounded 无边的，limitless 无限的，无界限的，never ending 无限的

cease 停止 ceaselessly

winkle 挖掘（向外挖） dig（向下）挖 易混：wrinkle 皱纹

super impose 添上，加上 impose 强加 He is very imposing.他很威严。

 Imposing building 宏伟的楼

love affairs 恋爱

incidentally 顺便说一下

（同）by the way; in passing

in the sight of 以某人观点 =in the eye of

 He is in sight.他出现了。 Out of sight

 Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。

undoing 祸根 undo 解开 ruin 毁坏

The scandal undoes his fame.丑闻把他的名声坏了。=The scandal is the undoing of his bad fame.

smoking undoes my health.

pertinent 中肯的 pertinent suggestion/proposition 合理建议

（同）apposite 适当的，suitable 合适的，applicable 可用的

be pertinent to sth.和……有关 =be relative to

flirt 调情 flirt with sb.不认真对待某人。 flirtatious 玩世不恭的，轻浮的

inmost 内心深处的

=at the bottom of one’s heart

at the inmost point

Notes on the text

课文注释

…those I have known, and (whom)I respect…这里 whom 可省略，但加上表示强调（为数少）

set pen to paper 诉诸笔端，也可以用 apply pen to paper = write

pass for (= be regarded as)被当作，被认为

a train/line of thought 思路

dale76

pick me up 提神

destination 目的地

journey 旅途（跋山涉水地）（创作的历程）； 而 trip 游山玩水地

to my (certain) knowledge = as I know

set 设置 reset 重新设置

heard of 听说

skeleton 骷髅；提纲 =outline

breaking 打破 =drop

remaking 重新构想 rethinking

timing 时间的转换 interweaving 交织 come to 逐步的

organic 有机的（flexible）

self-discovery 自我发现（对自己人性的解 刨）

reflection 思索

psychology 心理学

be of 结构，表示一种状态

It is interesting. = It is of interest.

revise 修改（谈到写作）

a blurred image appears 突然出现了一个模糊 的影子

image = figure brushstroke 绘画的技巧 not until 直到……才

condensed thinking 浓缩的思想

outlive

( = live longer than)超出……，活得比……长

out

 超

outnumber 数目超过， 比 …… 多； outwit

比……聪明

total immersion 完全沉浸其间（作家最高境 界）

narcissist 自我陶醉者，自恋狂

narcissus 水仙花

winkling out 发掘出

might as well ( = have reason, is reasonable) He might as well be proud of son.

bore 令人讨厌的人

black look 遭人白眼

cover the distance 弥补之间的距离（= cater for）

pertinent 中肯的

a year or two back = a year or two years ago

talent 智慧

draft 草稿

like any other 表示单数“任何一个”

make order 调理程序

submit to 屈服、容忍 =bear

discipline 纪律

critic 批评家

when he flirts with fame 当他不太考虑名誉 问题的时候

take time off 休息

from living with himself 不再探索内心的感 受

at its inmost point 在内心深处

dale76

 Lesson 49 Balloon Astronomy气候天文学 Rockets and artificial satellites can go far above the ionosphere, and even escape from the Earth. Yet they are complex and expensive, and in their present stage of development they cannot lift massive telescopes, keep them steady while the observations are being carried out, and then return them safely. Balloons are much easier to handle, and are also vastly cheaper. Their main limitation is that they are incapable of rising to the ionosphere. A height of between 80,000 and 90,000 feet is as much as can reasonably be expected, and so balloon-borne instruments can contribute little to either ultra-violet astronomy or X-ray astronomy. All the same, the balloon has much to be said in its favour, since it can at least carry heavy equipment above most of the atmospheric mass--thus eliminating blurring and unsteadiness of the images. Moreover, water-vapour and carbon dioxide in the lower air absorb most of the infra-red radiations sent to us from the planets. Balloon ascents overcome this hazard with ease.

Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783, and within a few months of the first flight a French scientist, Charles, went up two miles in a free balloon. Yet there is little resemblance between these crude vehicles and a modern scientific balloon, which has by now become an important research tool.

The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarlschild and his team at Princeton University in the United States, in collaboration with the United States Navy, the National Science Foundation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The 'Stratoscope' flights of

1959, concerned mainly with studies of the Sun, were remarkably successful, and the project has now been extended. With Stratoscope II, the overall height from the telescope to the top of the launch balloon is 666 feet, the balloons together weigh over two tons, and another two tons of ballast are carried for later release if height has be maintained during the night. The telescope, plus its controls weighs three and-a-half tons. Two large parachutes arc also carried; in case of emergency, the instruments and their records can be separated from the main balloon system, and brought down gently. Many of the radio and electronic devices used are similar to those of artificial satellites.

 Lesson 50 British Canals英国的运河

In mediaeval times rivers were the veins of the body politic as well as economic. Boundaries between states or shires, they were crossed by fords which became the sites of towns, or by bridges which were often points of battle. Upon rivers the people of that time depended for food, power and transport.

In our day fish are caught in the sea and brought to us by rail and lorry; only the angler still thinks fresh-water fish important, and pollution of rivers drives him into smaller and smaller reaches in which to practise his sport. But in earlier times, when sea fish were eaten only by those who lived on the sea coast, when meat was obtainable only for part of the year, and when fasts were frequent and universally practised, river fish played an important part in the national life. Every abbey and great man's house had its fish pond, and across the rivers great and small stretched the fish weirs, usually made of stakes and nets or basketwork. Between the owners of the fisheries and the bargemaster who needed an unimpeded passage continuous war was fought, till the importance of fresh water fish lessened as the practice of fasting ceased to be universal, as meat became available all the year round, and as the transport of sea fish inland became practicable.

Rivers were also the most important source of power. Every stream had its mills, not only for grinding corn, but for all the other industrial processes of the time, such as fulling* cloth or driving the hammers of ironworks. Placed down the bank wherever a head of water could be got, these mills were to be found on the tiny stream that ran through a village, or on the bigger river that was also used for navigation. An artificial cut was made from the river to bring the water at proper height to the water-wheel, and, in order to make sure of a supply of water at all seasons, the mill-owner usually built a weir across the river to hold back the water and so form an artificial reservoir. If the river were navigable, the centre of such a weir was made of planks held vertically by cross beams so that they could be removed when it was necessary to pass a barge, or was fitted with a single pair of gates. Such weirs were called staunches or flash-locks; they did not disappear from the bigger rivers till present times, and may still be seen in the Fens.

 Lesson 51 Elephants

象大

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.

The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.

The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree,plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.

When several elephants are being trained at one time it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted or tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This if supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as 'ho ! my son', or'ho ! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.